Dżammu i Kaszmir, Dżammu aur Kaśmir, Jammu and Kashmir |
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Kashmir passed from the control of the Durrani Empire (see Ahmad Shah Durrani) of Afghanistan and centuries of Muslim rule under the Mughals, Persians, and Afghans to the conquering Sikh armies by the mid-19th century. During the latter part of the 19th century, Kashmir was ruled by the Dogras, who are a predominantly Hindu people in the area around Jammu and who were installed as rulers by the Sikhs (see Ranjit Singh). Their kings paid tribute to the Sikhs, and were part of the Sikh Empire that arose following the collapse of the Durrani Empire. Under the Sikhs, as feudatories, the Dogras sought and obtained permission to push further into the North, including regions of Ladakh. Zorawar Singh Dogra led an expedition into Tibet in a failed effort to bring it to submission to the Sikh Empire, as a sub-feudatory of the Dogras. With the sudden collapse of the Sikh Empire before the English forces, the Dogras purchased from the British their independence, and thus also assured themselves of their feudal hold over the subsidiary kingdoms of Kashmir, Ladakh and the Emirates of the north. The Dogra kings who originally ruled only from Jammu, also began to operate in summer from Srinagar, the metropolis of Kashmir. As a result, the Dogra Kingdom developed into a sort of "Dual Monarchy", the Dogra Kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir. Kashmir is a valley whose beauty has been proclaimed by many and stretches out at about 7,200 square kilometers (2,800 square miles) at an elevation of 1,675 meters (5,500 feet). A Mughal ruler who built the famed Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir made the statement, " If heaven be on this earth, it must be here." It has a very ancient history and it was for a long time one of the centers of Hindu philosophical, literary and religious culture, a tradition still maintained by the native population. Kashmiri literature, sculpture, music, dance, painting, and architecture have had a profound influence in Asia. |
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14. Photos 15. Anthem - sound file |
1. Dependency status: The region is currently divided amongst three countries: Pakistan controls the northwest portion (Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir), India controls the central and southern portion Jammu and Kashmir and the People's Republic of China controls the northeastern portion (Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract 2. Government type: none 3. Location: between the northern part of the South Asia and the southern part of Central Asia 4. Border Countries: China, India, Pakistan 5. Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north6. Terrain: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north 7. Area: 222,200 km2 8. Capital: none; biigest city Śrinagar 595,000. inhabitians (1991) 9. Administrative divisions: India controls approximately 45.5% (101,387 km2) of the disputed territory. Indian-administered Kashmir, known as the state of Jammu and Kashmir, includes 3 main regions:Kashmir Valley, Jammu, Ladakh. Indian-controlled Kashmir is divided into 6 administrative districts: Anantnag, Baramulla, Budgam, Doda, Jammu, Kargil, Kathua, Kupwara, Leh, Poonch, Pulwama, Rajauri, Srinagar and Udhampur. Major cities include Srinagar, Jammu and Leh. The Pakistan-controlled portion of Kashmir, is divided up into the following 2 main regions:
Areas under Chinese-control include:
10. Population: 894,000 inhabitians (1992) 11. Languages: Kashmiri (official); English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication, Hindi the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people. 12. Religions: Pakistan - Musli (99%); India - Hindu, Musli 13. Currency: Indian rupee (INR), yuan (CNY), Pakistani rupee (PKR) |
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