Montenegro, Czarnogóra, Crna Gora, Republika Czarnogóry, Republika Crna Gora |
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Montenegrin tribes organized into a semi-independent dukedom of Duklja by the 10th century. In 1077, Duklja was recognized as an independent state when its King Mihailo (Michael) of the Vojisavljevię dynasty founded by nobleman Stefan Vojislav was recognised by Pope Gregory VII as rex Doclea (King of Duklja). The kingdom, however, was a tributary to the Byzantine Empire; it gave birth to the later medieval kingdom of Serbian Great Zupan (serb. ¾upan) Stefan Nemanja who originated from Duklja.
The independent principality of Zeta (which more closely corresponds to the early modern state of Montenegro) asserted itself towards 1360. Zeta was ruled by the Balsic (1360s-1421) and Crnojevic (1421-1499) dynasties, and it was never fully conquered by the Ottoman Empire which controlled the lands to the south and east since the 15th century. In 1516, the secular prince Djuradj Crnojevic abdicated in favor of the Archbishop Vavil, who then formed Montenegro into a theocratic state, under the rule of the prince-bishop (vladika) of Cetinje, a position held from 1697 by the Petrovię-Njego¹ family of the Rišani clan. Petar Petrovię Njego¹ was perhaps the most influential vladika, reigning in the first half of the 19th century. In 1851 Danilo II Petrovic Njegos became vladika, but in 1852 he married, threw off his ecclesiastical character, assuming the title of knjaz or prince, and transformed his land into a secular principality, the independence of which was soon recognized by Russia. Danilo was assassinated in 1860, and Nicholas I was proclaimed his successor on August 14 of that year. In 1861-1862, Nicholas engaged in an altogether successful war against Turkey; but in 1876 he joined Serbia and in 1877-1878 Russia against his hereditary foe, with the results that 1,900 square miles were added to his territory by the Treaty of Berlin; that the port of Antivari and all the waters of Montenegro were closed to the ships of war of all nations; and that the administration of the maritime and sanitary police on the coast was placed in the hands of Austria. The reign of Nicholas I (1860-1918) saw the doubling of Montenegro's territory and international recognition of her independence (1878), the country's first constitution (1905), the ruler's elevation to the rank of King (1910), and further territorial gains following the Balkan Wars (1913), though the newly-captured city of Skadar had to be given up to the new state of Albania at the insistence of the Great Powers despite the Montenegrins having invested 10,000 lives into the liberation of the town from the Albanian forces of Esad-pasha. |
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14. Photos 15. Anthem - sound file |
1. Dependency status: trade union republic being a member Serbia and Montenegro 2. Government type: republic 3. Location: Southeastern Europe, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina 4. Border Countries: Albania; Bosna & Herzegovina 5. Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland6. Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast 7. Area: 13.800 km2 8. Capital: Podgorica (118.000 inhabitians 1991) 9. Administrative divisions: none 10. Population: 600.000 inhabitians (1990) 11. Languages: Serbian 12. Religions: Orthodox 13. Currency: Yugoslav dinar (YUM) and Euro (EUR) |
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